唧唧堂：JESP实验社会心理学期刊2022年3月刊论文摘要12篇
编辑 | 小巴
1.“最好的还在后面”，检验对未来美好生活的反思和评价性思考的情感和动机影响
大多数人设想，他们的生活在未来会变得更令人满意。借鉴反思和评价模型(REM；Markman&McMullen，2003)，在三项预先登记的研究中，我们评估了使用反思和评价思维方式展望更令人满意的未来生活的情感和动机含义。在研究1（N = 456; Mage = 30.54;40.8%为女性）和研究2（N = 440; Mage = 30.29; 36.1%为女性），思维方式(反思性、评价性、控制性)的实验操作对情感或动机没有显著影响。然而，在研究2和研究3中（N = 442; Mage= 30.61; 55.4%为女性），个体思维方式的差异与个体的情感反应和动机有系统的关系。也就是说，更多的反思性(相对于评价性)思维与更多的积极和更少的负面影响有关，对实现未来目标的承诺和信心更强，以及更大的感知成功。因此，本研究提供了关于反思性思维与评价性思维的有价值的新见解，因为人们普遍认为“最好的还在后面”。
Most individuals envision that their lives will become more satisfying in the future. Drawing on the Reflection and Evaluation Model (REM; Markman & McMullen, 2003), in three pre-registered studies we evaluated the affective and motivational implications of envisioning a more satisfying future life using a reflective versus evaluative mode of thinking. In Study 1 (N =456; Mage=30.54; 40.8% female) and Study 2 (N = 440; M age = 30.29; 36.1% female), experimental manipulations of mode of thinking (reflective, evaluative, control) did not significantly impact affect or motivation. However, in Study 2 and Study 3 (N = 442; Mage = 30.61; 55.4% female), individual differences in mode of thinking were systematically related to individuals' affective reactions and motivation. That is, more reflective (vs. evaluative) thinking was associated with more positive and less negative affect, stronger commitment to and confidence in achieving one's goals for the future, and greater perceived success. Thus, the present work provides valuable new insights about reflective versus evaluative thinking with respect to the widespread belief that ‘the best is yet to come’.
参考文献：Kremble, L., & Busseri, M. A. (2022). ‘The best is yet to come’: Examining the affective and motivational implications of reflective and evaluative thinking about a brighter future life. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104249.
2.道德印象和假定的道德选择。对道德模范如何解决道德困境的看法
先前的研究表明，在道德困境中，倾向于道义论而不是功利主义选择的个体比表现出相反偏好的个体具有更强的道德品质。为了更深入地了解道德选择和道德印象之间的联系，本研究使用了一种正式的建模方法，考察了在解决道德困境时，道德特殊人物是否被认为在对后果的敏感性、对道德规范的敏感性或一般行动倾向方面与其他人不同。来自四项研究(N=980)的研究结果表明，在解决道德困境时，感知到的道德与更多地遵循道德规范有关。关于对后果和一般行动倾向的敏感性，调查结果喜忧参半，可归因于与感知到的道德相混淆的特征。这些发现表明，道德两难判断背后存在一种迄今未被探索的机制，即道德判断是基于对道德异常人物决策的心理模拟。
Previous research suggests that individuals who prefer deontological over utilitarian choices in moral dilemmas are perceived to have stronger moral character than individuals who show the reverse preference. To gain deeper insights into the link between moral choices and moral impressions, the current research used a formal modeling approach to examine whether morally exceptional figures are perceived to differ from others in their sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to moral norms, or general action tendencies when resolving moral dilemmas. Findings from four studies (N = 980) suggest that perceived morality is associated with greater presumed adherence to moral norms in the resolution of moral dilemmas. For sensitivity to consequences and general action tendencies, findings were mixed and attributable to characteristics confounded with perceived morality. The findings suggest a hitherto unexplored mechanism underlying moral-dilemma judgments by which moral judgments are based on mental simulations of decisions by morally exceptional figures.
参考文献：Gawronski, B. (2022). Moral impressions and presumed moral choices: Perceptions of how moral exemplars resolve moral dilemmas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104265.
3.一个少数民族占多数的美国的威胁改变了美国白人对种族的看法
少数族裔在美国的人数很快将超过美国白人。先前的研究表明，这种人口结构的变化可能会增加白人的威胁感和反少数的歧视。但这种人口结构的变化是否也会改变最初被认为是少数群体的人？我们测试了美国即将发生的“少数族裔占多数”的转变是否会增加对白人地位的威胁，导致白人认知者将混血面孔视为少数族裔，而不是白人--这是一种历史上用来保持白人在美国种族等级中地位的策略。在最初的相关研究中，自我报告白人地位威胁更大的白人参与者认为混合种族面孔更多的是拉丁裔而不是白人(研究1)。与对照组相比，研究2-5中的白人参与者在阅读有关美国人口结构变化的报告时，报告了更大的白人地位威胁，并在将混合种族面孔归类为拉丁裔、黑人和“非白人”方面表现出更低的感知阈值。一项跨研究的调解分析表明，白人参与者从人口结构变化中感受到的地位威胁，可能降低了他们将混血面孔视为少数族裔的门槛。我们的结果表明，人口变化的威胁改变了种族观念，增加了被视为少数群体的人数，因此他们更容易受到歧视。
Racial minorities will soon outnumber white Americans in the U.S. Prior research suggests that this demographic shift is likely to increase white peoples' feelings of threat and anti-minority discrimination. But might this demographic shift also alter who is considered a minority in the first place? We tested whether knowledge of an impending “majority-minority” shift in the U.S. would increase threat to white status, leading white perceivers to see mixed-race faces as minorities rather than white—a strategy historically used to preserve white status in the American racial hierarchy. In an initial correlational study, white participants who self-reported greater white status threat perceived mixed-race faces as more Latino than white (Study 1). As compared to those in a control condition, white participants in Studies 2–5 who read about the U.S. demographic shift reported greater white status threat and exhibited reduced perceptual thresholds for categorizing mixed-race faces as Latino, Black, and “not white.” A mediation analysis across studies suggests that the status threat white participants experienced from the demographic shift may have lowered their threshold for seeing mixed-race faces as minorities. Our results indicate that the threat of demographic change alters race perception in a manner that increases the number of people who are seen as minorities and who are, therefore, more vulnerable to discrimination.
参考文献：Krosch, A. R., Park, S. J., Walker, J., & Lisner, A. R. (2022). The threat of a majority-minority US alters white Americans' perception of race. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104266.
4.社会认知冲突调节的2×2模型
虽然社会认知观强调学习发生的社会背景(例如皮亚杰)，但不称职的人如何与同龄人合作仍不清楚。本研究提出了一种新的认知调节方式--寻求一致的认知调节，并假设在合作情境中，低能力个体更容易采用这种调节方式。通过考察感知能力(高与低)和社会相互依赖(合作与竞争)对社会认知冲突调节的主要影响来检验这一假说。本研究旨在通过随机实验设计(研究1：n=200；研究2：n=500)和大学生小组体验实地研究(研究3：n=230)，验证具有知觉能力和社会相互依赖维度的新的2×2社会认知冲突调节模型。研究结果总体上支持这一模型，知觉胜任力和社会相互依赖的主效应以及寻求一致调节的结构效度在统计学上具有显著意义。具体地说，与高能力个体相比，低能力个体更有可能使用同时寻求调节；当个体认为语境更合作时，同意寻求调节也更多地被使用。研究结果提炼了社会认知冲突调节的概念化，并提示如何支持更有效的冲突调节类型。
While social-cognitive views emphasize the social context in which learning occurs (e.g., Piaget), how incompetent individuals cooperate with their peers remains unclear. In this research, a new type of epistemic regulation, concurrence-seeking epistemic regulation, was proposed, which was hypothesized to be adopted more by low-competence individuals in cooperative contexts. This hypothesis was tested by examining the main effects of perceived competence (high versus low) and social interdependence (cooperation versus competition) on sociocognitive conflict regulation. We aimed to validate a new 2 × 2 model of sociocognitive conflict regulation with dimensions of perceived competence and social interdependence through a randomized experimental design (Study 1: n = 200; Study 2: n = 500) and a field study of undergraduates' small group experiences (Study 3: n = 230). The results generally supported this model with statistically significant main effects of perceived competence and social interdependence as well as construct validity for concurrence-seeking regulation. Specifically, compared to high-competence individuals, low-competence individuals were more likely to use concurrence-seeking regulation; concurrence-seeking regulation was also more used as individuals perceived the context as more cooperative. The results refine the conceptualization of sociocognitive conflict regulation and inform how to support more effective types of conflict regulation.
参考文献：Lee, Y. K., & Roseth, C. J. (2022). A 2× 2 model of sociocognitive conflict regulation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104269.
5.更快、更强、更具强制性？消极(或积极)情绪反应的时序分析
基于进化论的理论表明，对威胁的反应可能比对奖励的刺激更具强制性，这类考虑可能会影响积极情绪反应与消极情绪反应的形状和时间进程。这一类型的假设在四个受试者(总共N=573名本科生参与者)中进行了检验，这些实验评估了对欲望和厌恶情绪图像做出反应时情感感受的时刻变化。用来识别波峰和起始点的算法在识别负面情绪反应方面往往比正面情绪反应更成功。此外，负面反应有更快的开始时间(4项研究中的3项)，更高的峰值幅度，以及更接近通过平均参与者得出的原型的跨时间形状。在紧密的时间分析的背景下，负面情绪反应表现出几个特征(例如，开始更快，峰值更高，与原型的匹配度更高)，这表明强制性反应水平更高。
Evolution-based theorizing has suggested that it may be more mandatory to respond to threatening than rewarding stimuli and considerations of this type are likely to influence the shape and time course of positive versus negative emotional reactions. Hypotheses of this type were examined in four within-subject experiments (total N = 573 undergraduate participants) that assessed moment-by-moment changes in affective feelings in response to appetitive versus aversive emotional images. Algorithms designed to identify peaks and onsets tended to be more successful in identifying negative emotional reactions relative to positive ones. In addition, negative reactions had faster onsets (3 of 4 studies), higher peak amplitudes, and cross-temporal shapes that better approximated prototypes derived by averaging across participants. In the context of a close temporal analysis, negative emotional reactions displayed several features (e.g., faster onsets, higher peaks, and greater matches to prototypes) that suggest higher levels of obligatory responding.
参考文献：Irvin, R. L., Klein, R. J., & Robinson, M. D. (2022). Faster, stronger, and more obligatory? A temporal analysis of negative (versus positive) emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104272.
6.通过与成员互动获得的群体价值：强化学习账户
基于群体的互动倾向是如何通过与个体群体成员的接触而形成的？在四个实验中，参与者与小组成员在强化学习任务中进行互动，呈现为金钱分享游戏，参与者通过直接互动和反馈与个人小组成员形成工具性的奖励关联。结果显示，个体水平的奖赏学习概括为基于群体的表征，如自我报告的群体态度、特质印象以及选择随后与群体中新成员互动的倾向。实验3和实验4进一步证明，即使过去的群体奖励价值不再被预测为未来的积极结果，基于群体的奖励对互动选择的影响仍然存在，这与群体偏见的习惯性表达一致。这些结果证明了一种新的偏见形成过程，该过程基于工具性奖赏学习，通过与个体群体成员的直接互动。我们讨论了对现有偏见理论的影响，习惯在群体间偏见中的作用，以及减少偏见的干预策略。
How do group-based interaction tendencies form through encounters with individual group members? In four experiments, in which participants interacted with group members in a reinforcement learning task presented as a money sharing game, participants formed instrumental reward associations with individual group members through direct interaction and feedback. Results revealed that individual-level reward learning generalized to a group-based representation, as indicated in self-reported group attitudes, trait impressions, and the tendency to choose subsequent interactions with novel members of the group. Experiments 3 and 4 further demonstrated that group-based reward effects on interaction choices persisted even when past group reward value was no longer predicted of future positive outcomes, consistent with a habit-like expression of group bias. These results demonstrate a novel process of prejudice formation based on instrumental reward learning from direct interactions with individual group members. We discuss implications for existing theories of prejudice, the role of habit in intergroup bias, and intervention strategies to reduce prejudice.
参考文献：Hackel, L. M., Kogon, D., Amodio, D. M., & Wood, W. (2022). Group value learned through interactions with members: A reinforcement learning account. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104267.
7.认知问题归类如何影响谈判中相互依存的决策
在这篇文章中，我们将在个体决策情境下处理多项选择(选择范围)的理论扩展到在一个重要的联合、相互依赖的决策背景，即谈判情境下。基于对选择分类的见解，我们假设各方通过认知地将问题分组到单独的子集(问题分类)来处理多问题决策的复杂性。为了系统地研究这一问题划分过程，并阐明其对相互依赖的各方的看法、行为和协议质量的影响，我们就各方将如何处理不同数量的谈判问题提出了相互竞争的建议：当面临更多问题时，各方可能：(1)将少数问题归类到更多的子集中，从而导致(a)无意中将综合问题分散在问题子集上，(b)损害对综合潜力的探索，以及(c)联合决策结果的质量较低。与此形成鲜明对比的是，缔约方可以(2)将更多的问题归入少数(更少)子集，从而导致(a)将综合问题集中在问题子集内，(b)促进探索综合潜力，(c)取得更高质量的成果。我们使用统计和实验中介分析在一个非交互实验和三个交互实验(NTotal=815)中检验了这些预测。结果始终表明，面临更多问题的谈判者将较少的问题归入更多的子集，而不是将更多的问题归入较少的子集。反过来，这种狭隘的问题分类导致了综合问题的分散效应，最终导致决策结果的综合质量较低。研究结果通过内部荟萃分析得到证实，并对其理论和应用意义进行了讨论。
In this article, we extend theorizing on how actors in individual decision-making situations deal with multiple choices (choice bracketing) in an important joint, interdependent decision-making context—that is, negotiations. Based on the insights on choice bracketing, we posit that parties handle the complexity of multi-issue decision-making by cognitively grouping issues into separate subsets (issue bracketing). To systematically investigate this issue-bracketing process and elucidate its effects on interdependent parties' perceptions, behavior, and the quality of their agreements, we made competing propositions as to how parties would deal with varying numbers of negotiation issues: When facing a higher number of issues, parties may (1) bracket few(er) issues into more subsets, thereby resulting in (a) inadvertent scattering of integrative issues across issue subsets, (b) impaired exploration of integrative potential, and (c) a lower quality of joint decision outcomes. In stark contrast, parties could (2) bracket more issues into few(er) subsets, thereby resulting in (a) pooling of integrative issues within issue subsets, (b) facilitated exploration of integrative potential, and (c) higher-quality outcomes. We tested these predictions in one non-interactive and three interactive experiments (Ntotal = 815) using statistical and experimental mediation analyses. Results consistently revealed that negotiators facing more issues bracketed few issues into more subsets rather than more issues into fewer subsets. In turn, this narrow issue bracketing resulted in a scattering effect of the integrative issues and ultimately a lower integrative quality of decision outcomes. Findings are corroborated via an internal meta-analysis, and their theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
参考文献：Warsitzka, M., Zhang, H., Loschelder, D. D., Majer, J. M., & Trötschel, R. (2022). How cognitive issue bracketing affects interdependent decision-making in negotiations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104268.
8.我应该向谁求助？群体间社会关系调节社会排斥对移民的短期和长期心理影响
持续的社会排斥会对边缘化个人的心理健康产生不利影响。然而，对于长期被排斥的社会群体来说，哪些社会因素可以调节他们社会排斥的心理成本，人们对此知之甚少。重点关注寻求庇护者、难民和自愿经济移民，我们测试了群体间与占多数的国家群体(即收容人口)和其他移民的社会联系是否缓和了短期和长期的社会排斥影响。在研究1(N=277)中，我们发现与国家人民的联系的数量和质量减少了实验性社会排斥的直接情感负担，而与其他移民的联系则加剧了这种负担。研究2(N=112)是一项为期六个月的纵向研究，调查群体间社会关系对寻求庇护者和难民遭受社会排斥的长期心理伤害的影响。结果表明，随着时间的推移，与来自国家群体的人建立更频繁和更密切的联系的参与者中，社会排斥产生的长期心理影响较小。相反，对于与其他移民建立了越来越多联系的移民来说，随着时间的推移，社会排斥会导致更多的不利心理影响。这项研究提供了重复和补充的证据，强调移民群体间的联系可以影响持续排斥的短期和长期后果，强调了与国家群体建立联系的好处以及移民群体内部隔离的风险。
Persistent social exclusion can detrimentally impact marginalized individuals' psychological well-being. However, little is known about the social factors that could moderate the psychological cost of social exclusion in persistently excluded social groups. Focusing on asylum-seekers, refugees, and voluntary economic immigrants, we tested if intergroup social connections with the majority national group (i.e., the host population) and other immigrants moderated the short- and long-term social exclusion impact. In Study 1 (N = 277), we found that the quantity and quality of connections with the national people reduced the immediate emotional burden of experimental exposure to social exclusion, whereas connections with other immigrants aggravated it. Study 2 (N = 112) consisted in a six-month longitudinal study investigating the influence of intergroup social relationships on the long-term psychological harm of social exclusion in asylum-seekers and refugees. Results showed that in participants who developed more frequent and close connections with people from the national group over time, social exclusion yielded a less detrimental long-term psychological impact. Oppositely, for immigrants who established increasing connections with other migrants, social exclusion led to more adverse psychological repercussions over time. The research provided replicated and complementary evidence highlighting that immigrants' intergroup connections can influence the short and long-term consequences of persistent exclusion, emphasizing the benefits of bridging connections with the national group and the risks of segregation within immigrants' niches.
参考文献：Marinucci, M., Mazzoni, D., Pancani, L., & Riva, P. (2022). To whom should I turn? Intergroup social connections moderate social exclusion's short-and long-term psychological impact on immigrants. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104275.
9.句子级文本分析的应用：情感在实验学习干预中的作用
这项注册的研究旨在测试情绪在学术环境下的实验性干预研究的干预效果中的作用。之前对国家学习心态研究(Yeager等人，2019年)的分析表明，在一项随机对照试验中，接受成长心态干预的高中生的平均GPA比控制条件下的学生高。先前的分析也表明，学校成绩水平缓和了干预效果。本研究采用句子水平的语篇分析策略，对学生在干预过程中所写的三篇作文提示在五个情绪维度(效价、唤醒、优势/控制、接近-回避和不确定性)上的注意焦点进行了检测。采用线性混合模型检验用文本分析计算的情绪维度分数是否预示着更高的干预效果(即干预后GPA高于干预前GPA)。研究还考察了学业成绩水平的调节作用。本研究的结果对在干预或实验研究中使用开放式问题的文本分析策略的可能性有影响，以考察参与者在干预或实验研究中情绪注意焦点的作用，特别是那些在学术环境中进行的干预或实验结果。
This registered study aimed at testing the role of emotion in the intervention effect of an experimental intervention study in academic settings. Previous analyses of the National Study of the Learning Mindset (Yeager et al., 2019) showed that in a randomized controlled trial, high school students who were given the growth mindset intervention had, on average higher GPA than did students in the control condition. Previous analyses also showed that school achievement levels moderated the intervention effect. This study applied a sentence-level text analysis strategy to detect participants' attentional focus in five emotional dimensions (valence, arousal, dominance/control, approach-avoidant, and uncertainty) across three writing prompts students wrote during the intervention. Linear mixed models were conducted to test if emotional dimension scores computed using the text analysis predicted a higher intervention effect (i.e., higher post-intervention GPA given pre-intervention GPA). The moderating role of school achievement levels was also examined. The results of this study have implications on the possibility of applying text analysis strategies on open-ended questions in interventions or experimental studies to examine the role of the emotion-attentional focus of participants during intervention or experimental studies on the intervention or experimental outcomes, especially those that are conducted in academic settings.
参考文献：Li, M. (2022). Application of sentence-level text analysis: The role of emotion in an experimental learning intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104278.
10.想象的同理心和愤怒的强度：感觉到亲人与远方的人接触到一种愤怒的经历时的不同情感暗示
仅仅是因为亲眼目睹了一件令人愤怒的事件，事后听到了这件事，或者收到了关于这件事的短信、电子邮件或在线帖子，另一个人就能改变个人对所发生事情的情感和行为反应吗？目前的研究验证了一种假设，即将心理上亲近的人视为所发生事情的见证者会加剧个人的愤怒反应，而将心理上疏远的其他人(如外部群体成员)视为见证者会产生减弱的效果。我们进一步测试了一种纯粹的个人内部途径，通过这种途径，这些影响可能会产生，这种途径的中心是个人想象中亲近的人与遥远的人对他们的同理心的不同程度。五个实验的结果与预测大体一致。这些结果是在人格和价值观相似性(实验1和实验2)、人口统计相似性(实验3和实验4)和关系类型(实验5)、高度有影响力的回忆愤怒诱发经历(实验1到4)和实验室中上演的一件小事(实验5)、在线交流中遇到的表面目击者(实验1到4)和作为观察者在场的真实目击者(实验5)上获得的。综上所述，研究结果表明，个体完全有可能自己创建不依赖于任何实际外部确认或支持的“回音室”，同时也表明，外向型受众有时可能会产生与对自我采取疏远视角所产生的情感影响类似的影响。
Simply as a function of being there to witness an anger-inducing event, hearing about it afterwards, or being on the receiving end of a text, email, or online post about it, can another person change individuals' affective and behavioral reactions to what happened? The present research tested the hypothesis that whereas perceiving a psychologically close other as witness to what happened intensifies individuals' angry reactions, perceiving a psychologically distant other such as an outgroup member as witness instead has an attenuating effect. We further tested a purely intrapersonal pathway through which these effects might arise, one that centers on the distinct levels of empathy that individuals imagine that close versus distant others feel for them. Results of five experiments were broadly consistent with predictions. These results were obtained across operationalizations of psychological closeness in terms of personality and values similarity (Experiments 1 and 2), demographic similarity (Experiments 3 and 4), and type of relationship (Experiment 5), across highly impactful recalled anger-inducing experiences (Experiments 1 to 4) and a minor event staged in the lab (Experiment 5), and across ostensible witnesses encountered in online exchanges (Experiments 1 to 4) and real witnesses who were physically present as observers (Experiment 5). Taken together, the findings point to the possibility of individuals creating “echo chambers” all by themselves that do not depend on any actual external validation or support and also suggest that outgroup audiences may sometimes have affective implications that parallel those stimulated by adopting a distanced perspective on the self.
参考文献：Vorauer, J. D., & Petsnik, C. (2022). Imagined empathy and anger intensity: Distinct emotional implications of perceiving that a close versus distant other is privy to an anger-inducing experience. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104276.
11.种族和体重交互点的刻板印象：对肥胖黑人男性的威胁刻板印象的稀释
黑人男性通常被刻板地认为身体强壮，具有威胁性。通过三项研究，我们调查了当黑人男性肥胖时，这种威胁刻板印象是否会被冲淡。我们竞争性地测试了两个假设，调查肥胖的黑人男性总体上是否被视为较少的种族刻板印象，还是被视为独一无二的不那么具有威胁性(但在更广泛的种族刻板印象中仍然是)。在研究1中，感知者不太可能将威胁列为肥胖黑人男性的刻板印象，而不是体重未指明的黑人男性。在研究2中，肥胖的黑人男性受到威胁减少的刻板印象的影响，但仍然受到其他关于黑人男性的刻板印象的影响。最后，在研究3中，这种特定威胁的稀释导致感知者预计肥胖的黑人男性会感觉到更少的威胁，并认为相对于体重中等的黑人男性，警察对肥胖的黑人男性使用武力的合理性较低(研究3)。综上所述，这些发现表明，黑人男性被公认为具有威胁性的刻板印象并不适用于不同的体重。相反，与肥胖个体在身体和心理上都没有能力构成威胁的刻板印象相矛盾，冲淡了黑色威胁的刻板印象。然而，肥胖的黑人男性仍然受到与威胁无关的基于种族的有害刻板印象的影响。
Black men are generally stereotyped as physically formidable and threatening. Across 3 studies, we investigate whether this threat stereotyping is diluted when Black men are obese. We competitively tested two hypotheses investigating whether obese Black men are seen as less racially stereotypical overall, or as uniquely less threatening (but still racially stereotypic more broadly). In Study 1, perceivers were less likely to list threat as a stereotype of obese Black men than weight-unspecified Black men. In Study 2, obese Black men were subject to reduced threat stereotypes, but were still subject to other stereotypes about Black men. Finally, in Study 3 this threat-specific dilution led perceivers to anticipate feeling less threatened by obese Black men, and believe police use-of-force is less justified toward obese Black men, relative to average-weight Black men (Study 3). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the well-established stereotype of Black men as threatening is not applied equally across weight. Instead, contradicting stereotypes of obese individuals as physically and psychologically incapable of threat dilutes the Black-threat stereotype. However, obese Black men are still subject to harmful race-based stereotypes unrelated to threat.
参考文献：Sim, M., Almaraz, S. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2022). Stereotyping at the intersection of race and weight: Diluted threat stereotyping of obese Black men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104274.
12.发音输入-输出效应：由发音流畅性驱动？
人们更喜欢具有向内游走辅音序列的语言刺激(例如Patiko)，而不是具有向外游走辅音序列的语言刺激(例如Katipo)，这种偏好被称为发音输入-输出效应。以前的研究已经提出，这种效果是基于向内发音比向外发音更流畅的基础上的。然而，最近，这一发音流利性账户的几个重点受到了质疑。在本研究中，我们通过扩展传统的输入-输出效应研究设计，将其他序列也包括在内，为这一解释提供了一个直接的检验。这使得我们可以比较对一系列刺激的喜好和发音流畅性的判断，而不仅仅是内在和外在的刺激。两个高能量实验(N=531，其中一个是预先登记的)的结果表明，尽管内部刺激比外部刺激更流畅，更受欢迎，但在所有刺激类型上，发音流畅性和喜好判断是不同的。这些发现表明，发音流利性本身并不能解释喜好的差异，如输入-输出效应。我们还讨论了未来投入产出效应研究的进一步方向。
People prefer linguistic stimuli with an inward-wandering consonant sequence (e.g., PATIKO) over those with an outward-wandering consonant sequence (e.g., KATIPO), a preference referred to as articulatory in-out effect. Previous research has proposed that this effect is based on a higher fluency of inward versus outward articulation. Recently, however, several keystones of this articulation fluency account have been called into question. In the present research, we provide a straightforward test for this account by extending the traditional in-out effect research design to include other sequences as well. This allowed comparing liking and articulation fluency judgments over a range of stimuli beyond merely inward vs. outward stimuli. The results of two highly powered experiments (N = 531, one preregistered) show that even though inward stimuli are more fluent and better liked than outward stimuli, over all stimulus types articulation fluency and liking judgments diverge. These findings imply that articulation fluency alone cannot account for differences in liking such as the in-out effect. We discuss further directions for future in-out effect research.
参考文献：Ingendahl, M., Vogel, T., & Wänke, M. (2022). The articulatory in-out effect: Driven by articulation fluency?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 99, 104273.
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